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State-State as an Alternative to Investor-State

Getting back to academic discussions, here's more from Freya Baetans on ISDS: Four possible alternatives to the inclusion of ISDS in TTIP are frequently mentioned. The first would be to opt for state-to-state arbitration. However, such an option would hardly be preferable, as it will invariably
Simon Lester 26 Mar 2015 3 min read

The Leaked TPP Investment Chapter: Minimum Standard of Treatment Issues

Here's the minimum standard of treatment provision in the leaked TPP investment chapter (which is basically the same as the U.S. model BIT): Article II.6: Minimum Standard of Treatment 14 1. Each Party shall accord to covered investments treatment in accordance with applicable customary international law
Simon Lester 26 Mar 2015 1 min read

The Leaked TPP Investment Chapter: National Treatment Issues

WikiLeaks has posted the Jan 20, 2015 version of the TPP investment chapter. The NY Times reports here.  I'm going to do two short posts, one on national treatment and one on the minimum standard of treatment.  Here's the national treatment provision: Article II.4: National
Simon Lester 26 Mar 2015 1 min read

The CAFTA Labor Panel: Due Process Issues

In the U.S. - Guatemala CAFTA labor case, there's also a really interesting issue about the use of witness statements as evidence.  Here are some excerpts from a panel ruling issued on Feb 26: 9. However, Guatemala’s letter to the panel of that same day raised new
Simon Lester 25 Mar 2015 5 min read

The U.S. Rebuttal Submission in the CAFTA Labor Case: In a Manner Affecting Trade

The U.S. - Guatemala CAFTA labor case is heating up.  I'm going to raise the "in a manner affecting trade" issue once again. Recall that CAFTA Article 16.2.1(a) says: A Party shall not fail to effectively enforce its labor laws, through a sustained
Simon Lester 25 Mar 2015 2 min read

Even Stricter Seal Products Bans

From the CBC (via Lawrence Friedman): A woman from Corner Brook is learning about the high cost of fashion after she was fined US $250 on Monday for trying to cross the border with a sealskin purse. In early March, Nora Fitzgerald and her friend decided to drive across the
Simon Lester 25 Mar 2015 1 min read

More from the Draft Indian Model BIT: Exceptions

Here's one more provision from that draft Indian model BIT: Chapter V – Exceptions Article 16: General Exceptions 16.1 Nothing in this Treaty precludes the Host State from taking actions or measures of general applicability which it considers necessary with respect to the following, including: (i) protecting public
Simon Lester 25 Mar 2015 1 min read

Indian Reforms to Minimum Standard of Treatment and National Treatment

The draft Indian model BIT (PDF is here), which I just heard about (from Mona Pinchis), has some new language on minimum standard of treatment: Chapter II: Obligations of Parties Article 3: Standard of Treatment 3.1 Each Party shall not subject Investments of Investors of the other Party to
Simon Lester 24 Mar 2015 2 min read

ACWL Job Opening

This is a great opportunity to work on WTO disputes, in Geneva, with a really good group of people: The Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL) is seeking to fill a vacancy for one of our positions of Counsel.   We are looking for a lawyer with approximately one to three
Simon Lester 24 Mar 2015 1 min read

Bilcon NAFTA Chapter 11 Award: FET Issues

Some people are surprised that I am so obsessed with concerned about ISDS.  I've tried explaining it in various ways, but I've had trouble getting my point across.  I think the Bilcon decision from last week can help me clarify.  (Investment Arbitration Reporter explains the case
Simon Lester 23 Mar 2015 3 min read

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Why Section 338 Does Not Work in a GATT/WTO World: Lessons from Trade Law History

On July 21, 2026, President Trump exercised his authority under Section 338 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (hereinafter Section 338) to impose the maximum amount of additional tariffs (fifty per cent) on Canadian cars, alcohol, and dairy, owing to his determination of Canada’s discriminatory treatment of US exports.
23 Jul 2026 10 min read

EU WTO Reform Proposal Seeks To Extend Accession-Based State Enterprise Rules To All Members

In a new WTO reform paper entitled "Further Reflections on Disciplines, Subsidies and Industrial policy," the EU argues for stronger WTO disciplines on the behavior of state enterprises.
17 Jul 2026 5 min read

Governments Make Their Case Against Section 301 Forced Labor Tariffs

Last month, USTR made a determination in its Section 301 investigation into "Acts, Policies, and Practices of Various Economies Related to the Failure To Impose and Effectively Enforce a Prohibition on the Importation of Goods Produced With Forced Labor."
10 Jul 2026 5 min read

How Should the EU Get Tough with China? Unilateral Action vs. WTO Complaints

I've seen several recent calls for the EU to get tougher in its economic relations with China, along with arguments that it has been too slow to act against the Chinese economic threat.
06 Jul 2026 4 min read

Trump Administration Decides Not To Extend USMCA for Another Term: What Does That Mean Exactly?

Today, as part of the first joint review of the USMCA, the three governments held a virtual meeting.
01 Jul 2026 4 min read

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