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WTO Seals:the gestures of good faith the AB is demanding of the EU in return for public morals justification

The AB has held, without ambiguity or qualification, that the EU Parliament's seal products ban is justified as "necessary" for the protection of public morals under GATT Article XX (a), because of the contribution of the ban to the reduction in the number of seals killed
Rob Howse 24 May 2014 2 min read

The WTO Appellate Body Ruling in Seals: National Treatment Article III;4

Since the AB's  ruling in US-Cloves on TBT 2.1, where it introduced the notion that a measure does not violate National Treatment or MFN if  the detrimental effects on competition are due exclusively to a legitimate regulatory distinction, there has been much discussion on this blog
Rob Howse 23 May 2014 3 min read

The Appellate Body ruling in Seals: Article I:1 MFN

This is the first in a series of posts on different specific aspects of the AB ruling in Seal Products.  On the big picture result, Jo Langille, Katie Sykes and I should be commenting in short order in a number of fora. With respect to MFN GATT Article I:1
Rob Howse 23 May 2014 2 min read

An Emerging Sign of the Trade Constitution 2.0: The “Chapeau Test” in the Seal AB Report

The long-awaited Appellate Body (AB) report on the Seal dispute has just come out.  There have already been several postings on this report.  Let me focus on one particular issue: the “chapeau” test. In a nutshell, the AB integrated two strands of case law on the chapeau test (one
Sungjoon Cho 23 May 2014 2 min read

Contrasting Views on the Seal Products Decision

Global Trade Watch: The WTO today added fuzzy white baby seals clubbed to death on bloody ice flows to dolphins and sea turtles as animals that the WTO has declared cannot be protected by domestic laws because they  violate “trade” rules, which will just fuel public and policymaker skepticism about
Simon Lester 22 May 2014 1 min read

There's No "Consistency" Requirement for Animal Welfare and Public Morals

From the Seal Products AB report: 5.200. Finally, by suggesting that the European Union must recognize the same level of animal welfare risk in seal hunts as it does in its slaughterhouses and terrestrial wildlife hunts, Canada appears to argue that a responding Member must regulate similar public moral
Simon Lester 22 May 2014 1 min read

The Appellate Body Just Wants To Point Out that It Won't Be Addressing Extra-Territoriality

From the Seal Products AB report: 5.173. Finally, we note that, in US – Shrimp, the Appellate Body stated that it would not "pass upon the question of whether there is an implied jurisdictional limitation in Article XX(g), and if so, the nature or extent of that limitation&
Simon Lester 22 May 2014 1 min read

The Tests of Public Morals Under the TBT and the GATT

[This post is from my good colleague, Kyle Dickson-Smith.  He is interested in some of the issues that appear to be unresolved in the Panel Report]. Now that the AB decision is out, I anticipate that he will follow up to evaluate if the AB has resolved these issues.
Alan Alexandroff 22 May 2014 2 min read

The EU Seal Products Measure Is Not a Technical Regulation

The Appellate Body says the Panel erred in finding that the EU seal products measure is a technical regulation: 5.58. Having reviewed the relevant aspects of the EU Seal Regime, we see only one feature that may suggest that the measure lays down product characteristics, while all others suggest
Simon Lester 22 May 2014 2 min read

Banning Windows 8

I've got a number of criticisms of Windows 8 -- why did they shuffle everything around? how do I get to desktop? -- but this is clearly going too far: China is banning Windows 8 devices from at least some government IT purchases, in a mysterious move that took Microsoft
Simon Lester 20 May 2014 1 min read

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Why Section 338 Does Not Work in a GATT/WTO World: Lessons from Trade Law History

On July 21, 2026, President Trump exercised his authority under Section 338 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (hereinafter Section 338) to impose the maximum amount of additional tariffs (fifty per cent) on Canadian cars, alcohol, and dairy, owing to his determination of Canada’s discriminatory treatment of US exports.
23 Jul 2026 10 min read

EU WTO Reform Proposal Seeks To Extend Accession-Based State Enterprise Rules To All Members

In a new WTO reform paper entitled "Further Reflections on Disciplines, Subsidies and Industrial policy," the EU argues for stronger WTO disciplines on the behavior of state enterprises.
17 Jul 2026 5 min read

Governments Make Their Case Against Section 301 Forced Labor Tariffs

Last month, USTR made a determination in its Section 301 investigation into "Acts, Policies, and Practices of Various Economies Related to the Failure To Impose and Effectively Enforce a Prohibition on the Importation of Goods Produced With Forced Labor."
10 Jul 2026 5 min read

How Should the EU Get Tough with China? Unilateral Action vs. WTO Complaints

I've seen several recent calls for the EU to get tougher in its economic relations with China, along with arguments that it has been too slow to act against the Chinese economic threat.
06 Jul 2026 4 min read

Trump Administration Decides Not To Extend USMCA for Another Term: What Does That Mean Exactly?

Today, as part of the first joint review of the USMCA, the three governments held a virtual meeting.
01 Jul 2026 4 min read

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