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An Emerging Sign of the Trade Constitution 2.0: The “Chapeau Test” in the Seal AB Report

The long-awaited Appellate Body (AB) report on the Seal dispute has just come out.  There have already been several postings on this report.  Let me focus on one particular issue: the “chapeau” test. In a nutshell, the AB integrated two strands of case law on the chapeau test (one in
Sungjoon Cho 23 May 2014 2 min read

Contrasting Views on the Seal Products Decision

Global Trade Watch: The WTO today added fuzzy white baby seals clubbed to death on bloody ice flows to dolphins and sea turtles as animals that the WTO has declared cannot be protected by domestic laws because they  violate “trade” rules, which will just fuel public and policymaker skepticism about
Simon Lester 22 May 2014 1 min read

There's No "Consistency" Requirement for Animal Welfare and Public Morals

From the Seal Products AB report: 5.200. Finally, by suggesting that the European Union must recognize the same level of animal welfare risk in seal hunts as it does in its slaughterhouses and terrestrial wildlife hunts, Canada appears to argue that a responding Member must regulate similar public moral
Simon Lester 22 May 2014 1 min read

The Appellate Body Just Wants To Point Out that It Won't Be Addressing Extra-Territoriality

From the Seal Products AB report: 5.173. Finally, we note that, in US – Shrimp, the Appellate Body stated that it would not "pass upon the question of whether there is an implied jurisdictional limitation in Article XX(g), and if so, the nature or extent of that limitation&
Simon Lester 22 May 2014 1 min read

The Tests of Public Morals Under the TBT and the GATT

[This post is from my good colleague, Kyle Dickson-Smith.  He is interested in some of the issues that appear to be unresolved in the Panel Report]. Now that the AB decision is out, I anticipate that he will follow up to evaluate if the AB has resolved these issues. -
Alan Alexandroff 22 May 2014 2 min read

The EU Seal Products Measure Is Not a Technical Regulation

The Appellate Body says the Panel erred in finding that the EU seal products measure is a technical regulation: 5.58. Having reviewed the relevant aspects of the EU Seal Regime, we see only one feature that may suggest that the measure lays down product characteristics, while all others suggest
Simon Lester 22 May 2014 2 min read

Banning Windows 8

I've got a number of criticisms of Windows 8 -- why did they shuffle everything around? how do I get to desktop? -- but this is clearly going too far: China is banning Windows 8 devices from at least some government IT purchases, in a mysterious move that
Simon Lester 20 May 2014 1 min read

What Are the "Trade-Related" Aspects of Intellectual Property?

From a new article on the TRIPS Agreement: Central to the controversies surrounding the TRIPS Agreement has been the ever-enigmatic determination of how far TRIPS should reach in regulating intellectual property rights. As the name of the Agreement explicitly indicates, the TRIPS Agreement is meant to regulate only those aspects
Simon Lester 20 May 2014 1 min read

The Role of Secretariats

From a post at the Kluwer Arbitration Blog: The role of the tribunal secretary in international arbitration has been called an “enormously grey area” that has been subject to instances of “abuse.” With concerns of the secretary going beyond his or her position as an assistant to the tribunal and
Simon Lester 20 May 2014 1 min read

General Exceptions Clauses in Investment Obligations

I have a short piece in Investment Treaty News, in which I raise some issues related to how a general exceptions clause for investment like the one in the Australia-Korea FTA would work: First, there is a question as to how such an exception would apply in the investment context.
Simon Lester 18 May 2014 2 min read

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Jamieson Greer on the 30 Year Aberration in U.S. Trade Policy

When he was in Davos last week for the World Economic Forum, U.S. Trade Rep. Jamieson Greer talked a bit about U.S. trade policy history and described a recent period during which, in his view, U.S. trade policy shifted away from tariffs/protectionism and towards free trade.
29 Jan 2026 6 min read

Is this the end of MFN as we know it? The EU submission on WTO reform and the meaning of development

With the release of the EU submission on WTO reform, it has become clear that the MFN principle’s central role within the WTO architecture is under challenge. As a keystone, it risks the entire bridge falling. Even if the foundations are retained but deemed outdated or unusable, and a
23 Jan 2026 3 min read

Can "Geopolitical" Tariffs Be Dealt With through Trade Deals?

Last Friday, U.S. Trade Rep. Jamieson Greer was asked about Trump's initial suggestion of tariffs related to the goal of taking over Greenland
20 Jan 2026 4 min read

Is Foreign Antitrust Enforcement "Discriminatory" and "Anti-American"?

The House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Administrative State, Regulatory Reform, and Antitrust held a hearing in December on "Anti-American Antitrust: How Foreign Governments Target U.S. Businesses." There was a lot of talk at the hearing about how foreign regulations and regulators "discriminate" against American companies.
05 Jan 2026 5 min read

Pennsylvania Court Finds Mexican Government Guilty of "Discrimination" Due To Its Subsidies

I'm always interested in how courts apply the concept of "discrimination" in the context of international trade, so I've been eagerly awaiting a Pennsylvania court decision in a case against Mexico.
12 Dec 2025 8 min read

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